Forage fish Archives - Saving Seafood

Impacts of fishing forage fish on the fish that feed on forage fish

June 7, 2021 — Small pelagic fish that school in open water—think sardines or anchovies, are eaten by all kinds of predators. Seabirds, marine mammals, and bigger fish feed on these small pelagics giving them the moniker “forage fish.”

Forage fish support several fisheries, particularly “reduction fisheries,” where fish are caught and reduced into fishmeal and fish oil for livestock and aquaculture. The anchoveta fishery off the coast of South America is the largest in the world, and nearly all catch is reduced. From a food production perspective, reduction fisheries turn fish that humans don’t like to eat into other kinds of meat that humans do. That isn’t to say forage fish aren’t fished for human consumption—they are and have one of the lowest carbon footprints of any food, but the majority of catch is reduced. Eat more anchovies and sardines, people!

However, forage fish also play a foundational role in many ocean ecosystems. They buoy the diets of marine birds and mammals like whales, puffins, albatross, and other vulnerable species while also indirectly supporting valuable fisheries, e.g., salmon and tuna feed on forage fish. Their role in the food chain has led to some calls to limit forage fish fisheries to boost the populations of their higher-value predators. This makes intuitive sense, but new research out this week by Free et al. shows it’s more complicated than simply “more prey, more predators.”

In 2012, a prominent forage fish paper was published that advised a highly precautionary approach to commercial fishing of forage fish. They suggested that to be as conservative as possible, even fisheries currently considered well-managed should be reduced by 50% to enhance and maintain predator populations. It kicked off a decade of forage fish population modeling and scientific discussion. The major criticism of the 2012 paper was that the ecosystem model used in the paper assumed that commercial fishing had an outsized impact on forage fish populations and did not account for ocean conditions. However, forage fish populations are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. For example, long before humans were fishing them, the Pacific Sardine went through periods of significant population boom and bust. This environmental sensitivity complicates the understanding of fishing impact, especially because the predators eat far more forage fish than are taken via fishing. Surly overfishing is bad, but would further reducing fishing below sustainable levels benefit the broader ecosystem?

Scientists did more research. In 2017, a paper by Hilborn et al. showed little correlation between forage fish populations and their predators. The authors argued that if forage fish have natural boom and bust cycles, their predators should have the resilience to find other kinds of prey in times of bust (and indeed, most marine predators that forage on small pelagic fish have a broad diet and are highly mobile). Hilborn et al. challenged the 2012 paper’s recommendations for a highly precautionary approach to forage fish fisheries. However, it was still a relatively simple analysis—the authors used population data to show correlations (or the lack thereof) between the abundance of forage fish and changes in their predator populations. They found that just 5 of the 50 predators examined in that study showed a positive correlation to forage fish population.

The 2017 paper showed correlation but not causality—the paper published this week gets closer to causality by controlling for possible confounding factors, namely by using a predator dynamics model that accounted for forage fish boom and bust cycles. This hadn’t been in previous models. Further, the 2017 paper only looked at U.S. ecosystems; this paper included ecosystems in Europe, South Africa, and the Humboldt Current off South America, giving a more global view of forage fish ecosystem dynamics.

Read the full story at Sustainable Fisheries UW

Bipartisan bill in US Congress aims to better protect forage fish

April 30, 2021 — Two U.S. senators on Thursday, 29 April, filed a bill that calls on the federal government to increase protections for smaller fish that serve as an essential food source for ecosystems across the country.

U.S. Sens. Richard Blumenthal (D-Connecticut) and Roy Blunt (R-Missouri) have filed S.1484, called The Forage Fish Conservation Act. The legislation would amend the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act to mandate that that the U.S. Secretary of Commerce come up with a definition for forage fish as well as take steps to improve monitoring and management for fish that serve as prey to larger fish, birds, and other mammals.

Read the full story at Seafood Source

Surface Slicks are Pelagic Nurseries for Diverse Ocean Fauna

February 5, 2021 — The following was released by NOAA Fisheries:

To survive the open ocean, freshly hatched tiny fish larvae must find food, avoid predators, and navigate ocean currents. Their experiences during these great ocean odysseys have long been a mystery, until now. We have discovered that a surprisingly dense and diverse array of marine animals find refuge in so-called “surface slicks” during early life. To view an immersive, interactive version of this story, check out our story map: Hidden World Just Below the Surface.

Surface slicks are home to the larvae of at least 112 marine fish species, including commercially and ecologically important fish such as mahi-mahi, jacks, and billfish. Serving as makeshift nursery habitats, surface slicks are meandering lines of smooth surface water that collect plankton and shelter-providing debris. They are formed from the convergence of ocean currents, tides, and variations in the seafloor.

“These ‘bioslicks’ form an interconnected superhighway of rich nursery habitat that accumulate and attract thousands of young fish, along with dense concentrations of food and shelter,” says Dr. Jonathan Whitney, a research marine ecologist for NOAA and lead author of the study, published today in Scientific Reports. “The fact that surface slicks host such a large proportion of larvae, along with the resources they need to survive, tells us they are critical for the replenishment of adult fish populations.”

That larvae hosted in slick nurseries grow up and radiate out into neighboring ecosystems. There, they join adult fish populations from shallow coral reefs to the open ocean to the bottom of the deep sea.

What’s more, many forage (prey) fish, like flying fish, spend their larval and juvenile life stages in surface slicks. “These biological hotspots provide more food at the base of the food chain that amplifies energy up to top predators,” says study co-author Dr. Jamison Gove, a research oceanographer for NOAA. “This ultimately enhances fisheries and ecosystem productivity.”

Read the full release here

SFP report indicates key to reduction fishery sustainability lies in Southeast Asia

June 4, 2018 — The Sustainable Fisheries Partnership released its Target 75 (T75) Reduction Fisheries Update on 31 May, and it indicates that the key to reaching the organization’s sustainability goals lie in increased engagement in Southeast Asia.

The report outlines the various reduction fisheries and separates the global fishery into two distinct categories: Atlantic/Pacific reduction fisheries and Asian reduction fisheries. The Atlantic/Pacific primarily utilizes small pelagic species like anchoveta, sandeel, and sardine, as well as blue whiting, Antartic krill, and crustacean. The Asian reduction fishery includes trawl fisheries of a large variety of species.

“The rationale for splitting the global sector into two sub-sectors is that almost all Atlantic/Pacific reduction fisheries are for small pelagics, and are quite similar in terms of trophic level, gear, ecology and management, as well as engagement in FIPs,” the report said. “In contrast, the levels of FIP engagement in Asia are much lower, and only 50 percent of Asian sourcing comes from small pelagic fisheries, while the remainder comes from multispecies trawl fisheries (sometimes described as ‘Trash Fish’), which face fisheries management and sustainability challenges that are unique among sources of fishmeal and fish oil.”

According to the report, roughly 41 percent of reduction fisheries can meet the T75 goal, i.e. having either certifications or a FIP that indicates the fishery is moving towards sustainability. Of the sustainable fisheries, 99 percent are located in the Atlantic/Pacific fishery sub-sector.

Read the full story at Seafood Source

California Wetfish Producers Association Statement: West Coast Sardine Fishery Management Action

April 9, 2018 — The following was released by the California Wetfish Producers Association:

On Sunday, the Pacific Fishery Management Council approved the management measures for the West Coast sardine fishery that were recommended by the CPS management team. The decision provides for 7,000 Mt for all uses, allowing fishermen a reasonable set aside for incidental take.

“We are very thankful to the Council for applying the best available common sense in making its decision, especially in light of the concerns expressed during the recent ATM methods review and the earlier problems voiced about last year’s sardine STAR panel review.

“And we are especially grateful to NOAA Assistant Administrator Chris Oliver, who took the time to address the Council in support of sustainable fishing communities, as well as resources, saying in part, ‘We have to combine that scientific underpinning with practicality and common sense.’

“This is especially topical given the ongoing forage fish discussion and its relationship to California’s historic wetfish industry, which has been the foundation of our fishing economy for more than a century. All too often, that importance is largely ignored or dismissed with pleas to ‘leave most of the fish in the water for other predators.’ Our precautionary catch rules already do that.

“In sum, a big thank you to the Council for doing the right thing for sardine fishery management and for fishing families and communities up and down the West Coast.”

Diane Pleschner-Steele, Executive Director

California Wetfish Producers Association

About the California Wetfish Producers Association

The California Wetfish Producers Association is a nonprofit dedicated to research and to promote sustainable Wetfish resources. More info at www.californiawetfish.org.

New England Fishery Management Council Sends Atlantic Herring Amendment 8 to Public Hearing

December 6, 2017 — SEAFOOD NEWS — On Tuesday the New England Fishery Management Council voted to send “Draft Amendment 8” to the Atlantic Herring Fishery Management Plan public hearing. The Council has no preferred alternatives and will be receiving feedback on the controversy about localized depletion and use of herring as forage fish.

The amendment features two major components: Acceptable Biological Catch (ABC) control rule and potential localized depletion and user conflicts. The ABC Control Rule is supposed to be used to set specifications and annual catch limits. The Council has 10 options and did not select a preferred one at their September meeting in Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Similarly, the Council also has a list of alternatives to address potential localized depletion and user conflict. Alternative options range from “no action” to a year-round prohibition on using midwater trawl gear in specific Atlantic Herring management areas.

The Council will make a final decision in 2018 after receiving feedback at the Atlantic Herring Fishery Management plan public hearing. Attendees will be presented with a fill list of likely costs and benefits associated with each option.

This story originally appeared on Seafoodnews.com, a subscription site. It is reprinted with permission.

Atlantic Menhaden Board Votes Against Ecological Management Plan For Fishery

November 17, 2017 — The Atlantic Menhaden Board voted earlier this week to stick to the status quo when managing the menhaden fishery and made slight changes to the annual catch limit. However, Saving Seafood, a group that represents the commercial fishing industry, has mixed feelings about those changes.

Menhaden are a forage fish found across the Atlantic Coast. The Board was considering implementing a new ecological-based management plan that was designed for forage fish.

The plan would have required fishermen to leave enough fish in the water for it to replenish itself and enough for predators to eat. However, the board voted no for the plan because it’s not specifically designed for menhaden.

Bob Vanasse, executive director at Saving Seafood, said the group agrees with the board’s decision.

“I think this was a strong statement that moving forward science needs to prevail, data needs to prevail and we need to look at this complex system in its complexity and not try apply a rule of thumb in every circumstance,” Vanasse said.

The menhaden board also voted to increase the annual catch quota by eight percent.

Read the full story at WNPR

Menhaden Fisheries Coalition Thanks ASMFC For Adopting Best Science on Menhaden Ecological Reference Points

WASHINGTON — November 14, 2017 — The following was released by the Menhaden Fisheries Coalition:

The Menhaden Fisheries Coalition (MFC) thanks the Commissioners of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) Atlantic Menhaden Management Board for following the best available science in setting reference points for Atlantic menhaden.

As part of Amendment 3 to the Atlantic Menhaden Intestate Fishery Management Plan (FMP), the Commission voted 16-2 to continue current management measures for Atlantic menhaden until its Biological Ecological Reference Points (BERP) Workgroup finishes developing menhaden-specific ecological reference points (ERPs). These ERPs are supported by the MFC, and would manage menhaden based on its role in the ecosystem as forage for predator species.

The best science shows that managing forage fish according to general biological principals, as advocated by various environmental and sportfishing groups, is not the correct approach. Earlier this year, Dr. Ray Hilborn and a team of top fishery scientists released a study that recommended forage fish be managed on a case-by-case basis, based on the unique biological and ecological factors affecting individual forage species. The BERP Workgroup is following this advice in its work developing a menhaden-specific management model.

While these reference points are being developed, current menhaden management has led to a healthy stock. The ASMFC’s 2015 and 2017 stock assessments of Atlantic menhaden found that menhaden is not overfished and not experiencing overfishing.

Lots of Reasons to Decline Lenfest’s Menhaden Reference Points, Says Beaufort Lab Scientist

November 10, 2017 — SEAFOOD NEWS — Joseph Smith is a retired marine scientist formerly with the NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service. He was the principal investigator for the Menhaden Program with the Sustainable Fisheries Branch, where he supervised the collection of fishery-dependent data for the Atlantic and gulf menhaden purse-seine fisheries. He has written an op-ed on the debate before the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission on reference points for the Menhaden stock. Lenfest, whose 2012 book on Forage Fish sparked a huge debate, is pushing for a reference limit that would shut down fishing if the menhaden stock nears 40% of its unfished level. Smith argues that this approach does not work for Menhaden, as there is no stock size recruitment relationship, and for that reason, no evidence that fishing based around current reference points is not fully sustainable for ecosystem functions.

His letter is below:

Since the Lenfest Forage Fish Task Force issued their publication, “Little Fish, Big Impact” in 2012, there has been an enormous focus on “forage fish” – small schooling stocks important food for larger marine predators. Atlantic menhaden, a stock on which I worked for over thirty years as a scientist for the National Marine Fisheries Service, is now a subject of this focus.

Despite being abundant and widely distributed, the debate over menhaden centers on a looming decision by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission over how to adopt reference points that incorporate menhaden’s role in the ecosystem. At the broadest level, this goal is impossible to argue against.

The pending question is to how best to get there. Reference points must make biological sense to ensure a sustainable menhaden population, along with sustaining the coastal communities that the fishery supports. Indeed, the Commission’s scientific advisors are currently working on ecological reference points, or ERPs, specific to menhaden and their ecosystem. There should be no debate that Atlantic menhaden-specific ERPs are the most desirable.

The real issue is how to manage the stock in the interim. Currently, menhaden are managed to sustain a high level of annual egg production. While not typical, this works for menhaden because there is a very weak relationship between the number of spawners and population size.

Annually, the stock produces trillions of eggs, but their development into larvae and then young menhaden depends on factors such as winds, currents, water temperature, salinity, and predation. Historically, there are instances where relatively large spawning stocks of female menhaden produced few young recruits to the population, while relatively small spawning stocks produced large numbers of young recruits.

This lack of what is known as a classic “stock-recruit relationship” is important to understanding the current debate because the “rule of thumb” which the Lenfest group developed for forage stocks is premised on it. Lenfest devotees urge the Commission to adopt ERPs premised on maintaining 75% of an unfished population, and allowing no fishing when the stock falls to about 40% of this level.

Of course, to manage a stock for a predetermined level of abundance, there has to be some relationship between fishing effort and stock size; this also does not exist for the menhaden fishery.

More disconcerting is that the Lenfest 75%/40% approach may involve harvest cuts of up to 50,000 metric tons from current levels. If the stock is determined to be only about 46% of unfished levels, the fishery would be very close to a shutdown. Looking forward, if Lenfest advice is adopted and harvest levels curtailed in the near-term, what is the relevance of harvest advice which may evolve in a few years from the current menhaden-specific ERP work? If the latter studies endorse appreciable increases in harvest, this could create a climate of regulatory “whiplash”, a situation which fisheries managers I believe should avoid.

The crux of the debate, then, is whether one believes there needs to be a reduction in menhaden catch to maintain a healthy ecosystem or whether the current, conservative management regime is working. In my view, the system has worked well for the stock, the fishery, and ecosystem, particularly over the past decade.

The wisest alternative to “rule of thumb” management advice is maintaining the current reference points which are specific to Atlantic menhaden. I support the current single‐species reference points until the ERPs are developed by the Commission’s scientists. Next year in 2018, the ERP working group will hold data workshops to select and standardize data that will be used as model inputs; this includes data that pertains not only to menhaden abundance, but also the abundance of bluefish, striped bass, and other predator species.

The ERP group is comprised of state and federal scientists who have spent a significant portion of their careers working on ERPs for menhaden. The Commission sent them down this path several years ago. Stay the course, let them finish their work, and present their results as planned in 2019. The menhaden population currently has a broad age structure with six or more age classes represented, the population is expanding into the northern half of its range, and recruitment in recent years is above average – the sky will not fall on the menhaden population in the interim. Given menhaden’s current stock status, allowable catches could increase 10% with no discernable impact to the population.

In the end, the Commission should follow the advice of its scientific advisors who have indicated that the Lenfest approach is not a good fit for menhaden. The current approach of protecting spawning potential has worked well. There is no obvious biological or scientific reason to abandon it now.

Joseph W. Smith
Beaufort Lab, Retired

This story originally appeared on Seafoodnews.com, a subscription site. It is reprinted with permission.

Menhaden Fisheries Coalition Analysis Finds 92 Percent of Atlantic Menhaden Already Left In Water to Serve Ecological Role

Analysis Challenges Arguments That Interim Ecological Reference Points Are Urgently Needed

An analysis finds that 92 percent of Atlantic menhaden are left in the water to serve their ecological role. A high quality version of this infographic is available by clicking on the image.

WASHINGTON – November 9, 2017 – The following was released by the Menhaden Fisheries Coalition:

A new analysis from the Menhaden Fisheries Coalition (MFC) finds that current management leaves 92 percent of Atlantic menhaden to serve their ecological role as forage for predators. The analysis is based on data from the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission’s (ASMFC) 2017 update stock assessment of Atlantic menhaden. The MFC has produced an infographic illustrating this analysis, which is available here.

In recent weeks, numerous ENGOs and recreational fishing groups up and down the Atlantic Coast have published articles and op-eds arguing that menhaden are in dire need of greater protection. These groups include the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, the American Sportfishing Association, and local activists from coastal states like Rhode Island and New Jersey. However, the MFC’s analysis challenges the assertion that fisheries take too many menhaden, and makes clear that the vast majority of fish are already left in the water to fulfill their ecological role.

The analysis tracks an average menhaden year class through its full life cycle. It finds that two-thirds of juvenile menhaden (younger than age 1) are either consumed by predators or die of natural causes. These juvenile menhaden are the preferred forage for predator species and are not targeted by the fishery, which takes less than 1 percent of these fish.

Over half of the menhaden that survive to age-1 are allocated to the ecosystem to be eaten by predators such as striped bass and marine birds or die of natural causes. Only 8 percent of age-1 menhaden are harvested by the fishery.

The menhaden fishery largely harvests menhaden over the age of 2, but even for this age group, it only harvests about 40 percent of fish. Overall, just 8 percent of a menhaden year class is harvested by the fishery. The overwhelming majority of fish – 92 percent – are not impacted by the fishery.

This MFC analysis is an update of a previous analysis that was based on the ASMFC’s 2015 benchmark stock assessment of Atlantic menhaden. That analysis was reviewed by the ASMFC last fall. Both the 2015 benchmark assessment and the 2017 update assessment found that Atlantic menhaden is neither overfished nor experiencing overfishing.